Proper Tea: Drinking Tea from Saucer Etiquette Tips


Proper Tea: Drinking Tea from Saucer Etiquette Tips

The follow of consuming tea from a shallow, lipped dish, slightly than straight from the cup, constitutes a particular methodology of beverage consumption. This method permits for the speedy cooling of the liquid, making it palatable extra rapidly. An instance could be pouring scorching tea from a cup right into a saucer after which fastidiously sipping it from the sting.

Traditionally, this method was prevalent as a result of excessive price and fragility of porcelain teacups, which frequently lacked handles of their early designs. The saucer supplied a handy solution to handle and devour the new beverage with out burning oneself. This methodology allowed people to take pleasure in their tea at an appropriate temperature, extending the length and social side of tea-drinking events. The follow additionally mirrored a level of etiquette and refinement, notably in sure social circles.

Concerns of warmth dissipation, historic context, and etiquette associated to a selected tea-drinking customized now lead us to look at the particular benefits it provided in numerous social and historic settings, in addition to fashionable implications.

1. Cooling

The steam curled upwards, a visual testomony to the near-scalding temperature of the freshly poured tea. With out the saucer’s intercession, persistence could be examined, lips risked. To partake straight from the cup in its preliminary warmth was to court docket discomfort, a truncated enjoyment of a beverage meant for contemplation. The saucer, subsequently, served as an middleman, a warmth sink designed to expedite the cooling course of. It was a matter of physics: elevated floor space permitting for quicker warmth dissipation into the encircling air. A wider, shallower pool facilitated equilibrium with the ambient temperature far faster than a deep, confined reservoir inside the cup.

Image a bustling tea room in Victorian England, the clatter of china a continuing undercurrent to hushed conversations. Time, whereas a luxurious for some, was nonetheless a commodity. The saucer allowed one to take part within the social change with out the prolonged delay of passively ready for the tea to chill inside the cup. It reworked a probably prolonged wait into a quick, manageable pause, a small sacrifice of etiquette yielding a extra well timed return to the dialog and firm at hand. The cooling grew to become an enabling issue, a mechanism for social participation.

In essence, the connection between cooling and this specific methodology of tea consumption is one in all pragmatic necessity interwoven with social adaptation. The saucer reworked the problem of a too-hot beverage into a possibility for a faster, extra snug, and socially seamless tea-drinking expertise. It wasn’t merely about temperature management; it was about optimizing the second, facilitating enjoyment inside the constraints of each physics and social customized. The ritual turns into excess of simply consuming.

2. Deal with-less Cups

The absence of a deal with, a seemingly minor element within the design of early teacups, served because the progenitor of a definite tea-drinking follow. The fragile porcelain vessels, prized for his or her magnificence and talent to retain warmth, offered a predicament: the way to comfortably and safely devour the scalding liquid inside. Fingers, pressed towards the new ceramic, risked burns. The answer was discovered not in redesigning the cup, however in using its accompanying saucer in an unconventional method.

Observe, for example, a gathering in a affluent house of the 1700s. Servants fastidiously pour steaming tea into handle-less cups, the aroma filling the air. Visitors, attired in positive silks and lace, gingerly settle for their cups. Somewhat than enduring the warmth straight, they pour a small quantity into the saucer, permitting it to chill extra quickly. This adaptation reworked the saucer from a mere coaster into an integral part of the tea-drinking ritual. It addressed a sensible want born from the cup’s design, stopping discomfort and permitting for a extra leisurely appreciation of the beverage. The handle-less design, subsequently, inadvertently formed the etiquette and mechanics of tea consumption, elevating the saucer to a place of practical significance.

The legacy of handle-less cups lives on, albeit largely in vintage collections and historic reenactments. The evolution of teacup design, incorporating handles, ultimately diminished the need of consuming from the saucer. Nevertheless, the historic follow serves as a reminder of how design limitations can provide rise to distinctive cultural variations. The act of consuming from the saucer, born of necessity, grew to become a logo of refinement and resourcefulness, a testomony to human ingenuity in overcoming sensible challenges inside the constraints of prevailing social customs. This custom is proof of how tradition finds its personal solution to cope with conditions.

3. Social Etiquette

Inside the drawing rooms of centuries previous, the clinking of china accompanied conversations, orchestrating a silent ballet of manners. The way in which one took tea spoke volumes, signaling social standing and adherence to unstated guidelines. The act of consuming from the saucer, removed from a mere sensible answer, grew to become a nuanced expression of social etiquette, laden with which means and consequence.

  • A Mark of Breeding

    In sure eras and social circles, notably through the 18th and nineteenth centuries, consuming from the saucer, although initially born of necessity because of handle-less cups, reworked into a logo of refinement. To take action with grace and composure demonstrated an understanding of social customs, a familiarity with the accepted behaviors of the higher lessons. It signaled that one was not merely consuming a beverage, however taking part in a ritual steeped in custom and decorum. Failure to stick to this unstated rule may lead to social censure, a delicate however stinging rebuke for a breach of etiquette.

  • Navigating Sensible Constraints

    Social expectations typically clashed with sensible realities. A visitor offered with scalding tea in a handle-less cup confronted a dilemma: endure the discomfort or threat showing uncouth. The saucer supplied a center floor, a socially acceptable technique of cooling the beverage with out sacrificing appearances. The act demonstrated resourcefulness, a capability to adapt to the constraints of the scenario whereas sustaining a veneer of composure. It was a delicate negotiation between consolation and conformity, a ability extremely valued in well mannered society.

  • Regional Variations and Shifting Norms

    The principles of engagement surrounding tea-drinking diversified throughout areas and advanced over time. What was thought-about acceptable in a single social circle is likely to be frowned upon in one other. As teacups gained handles, the need of consuming from the saucer diminished, and the follow steadily fell out of favor in lots of circles. Nevertheless, pockets of resistance remained, the place adherence to older customs endured as a type of cultural preservation or a deliberate rejection of recent traits. These regional variations underscored the fluid and context-dependent nature of social etiquette.

  • Delicate Signaling and Social Dynamics

    Even because the follow of consuming from the saucer declined, its echoes lingered within the delicate nuances of social interplay. The way in which one dealt with a teacup, the angle at which one held the saucer, the deliberate tempo of sipping – all conveyed unstated messages about one’s social background, training, and private model. These delicate cues, although typically unconscious, formed the dynamics of social encounters, influencing perceptions and reinforcing social hierarchies. The ghost of the saucer continued to hang-out the tea desk, a reminder of the intricate dance of manners that outlined well mannered society.

Thus, the straightforward act of consuming from a saucer turns into a lens via which to look at the complicated internet of social etiquette. It reveals the hidden guidelines that govern human interplay, the delicate alerts that convey standing and belonging, and the ever-evolving nature of social norms. It’s a reminder that even essentially the most mundane actions might be imbued with profound social significance, reflecting the enduring human want to attach, talk, and outline oneself inside the framework of societal expectations.

4. Porcelain’s Fragility

The fragile nature of porcelain, notably in its early iterations, bore straight on the customs surrounding tea consumption. Image a service provider ship, its maintain laden with chests from the East. Amongst silks and spices lay the prized porcelain, destined for the tables of Europe’s elite. This materials, celebrated for its translucence and talent to retain warmth, was additionally notoriously brittle. A sudden jolt, a careless hand, and a teacup may shatter into irreparable fragments. This inherent fragility formed the evolution of tea-drinking practices, imbuing even the only gesture with a way of cautious deliberation.

Contemplate the grand estates of England, the place tea ceremonies had been meticulously orchestrated affairs. Servants, skilled within the artwork of dealing with porcelain, moved with calculated precision, figuring out {that a} single mishap may lead to expensive harm and social embarrassment. The absence of handles on many early teacups additional exacerbated the chance. The new liquid, mixed with the graceful, unforgiving floor of the porcelain, made for a precarious grip. Pouring tea straight into the saucer, subsequently, grew to become a crucial precaution. It decreased the quantity of liquid held within the cup, lessening the prospect of spillage. Moreover, consuming from the saucer allowed for a extra steady posture, minimizing the chance of a sudden, jerky motion that might spell catastrophe for the delicate vessel. Porcelain’s fragility straight influenced actions.

The legacy of porcelain’s fragility extends past mere practicality. It imbued the act of consuming tea with a sure reverence, a recognition of the preciousness of the supplies concerned. Every sip, every cautious placement of the cup and saucer, grew to become a small act of appreciation for the artistry and craftsmanship that went into creating these delicate objects. Whereas fashionable manufacturing strategies have produced extra sturdy porcelain, the historic affiliation between fragility and magnificence persists. The picture of sipping tea from a saucer evokes a way of refinement, a reminder of a time when even essentially the most mundane actions had been imbued with a way of grace and intentionality, born from the sensible concerns of porcelain’s delicate existence and the necessity to protect it.

5. Prolonged Enjoyment

The ritual of tea, far transcending mere hydration, typically assumes the size of a protracted expertise. Inside this framework, the follow of consuming from a saucer, initially a response to sensible constraints, fosters a extra leisurely engagement with the beverage, contributing considerably to prolonged enjoyment.

  • Temperature Modulation and Lingering Sips

    A girl sits in a sunlit conservatory, the faint scent of jasmine mingling with the steam rising from her cup. By pouring the tea into the saucer, she creates a wider floor space, accelerating the cooling course of. This enables for smaller, extra frequent sips, extending the length of the expertise. Every sip turns into a deliberate act, a second of quiet contemplation, slightly than a hurried gulp dictated by the liquid’s scalding temperature. The modulation of temperature transforms consumption right into a collection of measured encounters, drawing out the pleasure derived from the tea.

  • The Social Dimension of Extended Rituals

    Think about a gathering in a Victorian parlor, the air thick with hushed conversations and the clinking of china. The act of fastidiously pouring tea into the saucer, ready for it to chill, after which delicately sipping from its edge turns into a shared efficiency, a social dance that extends the length of the interplay. It permits for pauses, for the change of glances and delicate gestures, fostering a way of connection and camaraderie. The elongated ritual turns into a framework for social bonding, remodeling a easy act of consumption into a possibility for significant engagement.

  • Mindfulness and Attentive Consumption

    A scholar, immersed in his research, pauses to organize a cup of tea. The act of pouring the tea into the saucer, a deliberate and conscious gesture, serves as a momentary break from his mental pursuits. As he sips from the saucer, he focuses on the aroma, the flavour, the heat spreading via his physique. The extended ritual encourages attentive consumption, a heightened consciousness of the sensory expertise. It transforms a routine act into a possibility for mindfulness, a second of quiet reflection amidst the chaos of day by day life. Every second is extra vital.

  • Savoring Delicate Nuances over Time

    A tea connoisseur, meticulously brewing a uncommon mix, pours a small quantity into the saucer. He understands that the complexities of the tea’s taste profile will unfold steadily over time, revealing themselves in delicate layers. By consuming from the saucer, he permits himself the time to savor every nuance, to understand the fragile interaction of aromas and tastes. The prolonged ritual turns into an exploration, a journey of discovery into the depths of the tea’s character. It’s greater than consumption.

The act of consuming from the saucer, subsequently, transcends its sensible origins, turning into a catalyst for prolonged enjoyment. By modulating temperature, fostering social connection, encouraging mindfulness, and permitting for the savoring of delicate nuances, it transforms a easy act of consumption right into a richer, extra significant expertise. It’s the distinction between a fast gulp and a lingering second of quiet contemplation, between mere hydration and a deliberate engagement with the senses.

6. Temperature Management

The story of tea, notably when imbibed from a saucer, is inseparable from the science of temperature management. It’s a story of necessity born from sweltering brews and delicate sensibilities, a quest to stability the pleasure of heat with the avoidance of discomfort. The very act of transferring the liquid from cup to saucer is a deliberate intervention, a manipulation of thermal dynamics enacted inside the confines of the tea ritual.

  • Floor Space Maximization

    Think about a steaming cup of tea, its floor space comparatively small in comparison with its quantity. Now, envision that very same tea unfold throughout the broad, shallow expanse of a saucer. The rise in uncovered floor facilitates a extra speedy dissipation of warmth into the encircling air. This straightforward maneuver, dictated by physics, permits the tea to chill at an accelerated fee, remodeling it from an undrinkable scorcher to a palatable refreshment in a fraction of the time. The saucer, on this context, turns into an instrument of thermal engineering, a software for manipulating the circulate of warmth.

  • Layering and Airflow

    Contemplate the microclimate above the floor of the tea inside the saucer. A layer of cooler air types, making a gradient that drives additional warmth switch. The act of gently blowing throughout the floor disrupts this stagnant layer, changing it with recent, cooler air, additional accelerating the cooling course of. The slight disturbance, the managed puff of breath, turns into an lively intervention, a deliberate effort to nudge the tea in direction of an optimum temperature. This delicate interaction of airflow and temperature gradients underscores the delicate complexity of temperature management inside the tea-drinking ritual.

  • Sensory Suggestions and Private Calibration

    The hand, hovering above the saucer, turns into a sensory instrument, gauging the warmth radiating from the liquid. The primary tentative sip offers quick suggestions, a direct evaluation of the tea’s temperature. This iterative strategy of evaluation and adjustment permits for a extremely personalised calibration of the consuming expertise. Every particular person fine-tunes the cooling course of to their very own choice, figuring out the exact second when the tea reaches the best stability of heat and luxury. This personalised management transforms the act of consuming from a saucer right into a uniquely tailor-made expertise.

  • Historic Adaptation and Materials Properties

    Early porcelain, whereas prized for its magnificence and warmth retention, additionally offered a problem: it grew to become uncomfortably scorching to carry. Ingesting from the saucer bypassed this concern, stopping direct contact with the scalding ceramic. The fabric properties of the saucer itself, typically crafted from the identical porcelain, performed an important function. Its thinness allowed for comparatively speedy warmth switch, whereas its wider floor space facilitated environment friendly cooling. The historic adaptation of consuming from the saucer was subsequently inextricably linked to the fabric properties of the vessels used, a testomony to the interaction of design and performance.

Thus, the story of consuming tea from a saucer is, in essence, a narrative of temperature management. It’s a narrative woven from the threads of physics, physiology, historical past, and private choice. The act of transferring the liquid, manipulating airflow, and calibrating sensory suggestions turns into a deliberate intervention, a quest to realize the elusive stability between the heat of the tea and the consolation of the drinker. It’s a reminder that even essentially the most mundane rituals might be imbued with a quiet sophistication, a testomony to human ingenuity within the pursuit of straightforward pleasures.

7. Historic Context

The clinking of porcelain echoes via time, a delicate soundtrack to the evolution of a ritual. The straightforward act of consuming tea from a saucer, seemingly an idiosyncrasy of bygone eras, is inextricably linked to the historic circumstances that birthed it. To know the follow is to journey again via centuries, tracing the shifting social landscapes and materials constraints that formed its emergence and eventual decline. Contemplate the burgeoning tea commerce of the seventeenth and 18th centuries, when the unique beverage from the East arrived on European shores, remodeling from a medicinal curiosity to a modern indulgence. Early porcelain, although prized for its delicacy, typically arrived in handle-less cups, a mirrored image of each Jap design aesthetics and the challenges of maritime transport. Scorching tea in a handle-less cup proved a tactile ordeal. The saucer, initially supposed as a mere coaster, grew to become an instrument of necessity, a vessel for cooling the liquid and stopping scalded fingers. This sensible adaptation, born of fabric limitations, steadily acquired the patina of social customized, embedding itself within the etiquette of the tea desk.

The social dimensions of this historic context are equally essential. Tea consuming, notably among the many elite, grew to become a extremely stylized efficiency, a theater of manners wherein each gesture carried significance. Sipping from the saucer, although initially a realistic answer, advanced right into a marker of refinement, an illustration of 1’s familiarity with the unstated guidelines of well mannered society. Observe, for instance, interval work depicting elegant women and gents delicately elevating saucers to their lips, their posture erect, their expressions serene. This was not merely a matter of quenching thirst; it was a fastidiously choreographed show of social grace, a reaffirmation of standing and belonging. The historic report, subsequently, reveals the follow as a fancy interaction of fabric constraints, social expectations, and evolving etiquette, a mirrored image of the intricate dance of manners that outlined the social panorama of the time. A brand new method of consuming emerged.

The decline of consuming from the saucer mirrors the altering panorama of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. As teacups gained handles and social norms shifted, the follow steadily fell out of favor, relegated to the realm of quaint anachronisms. Nevertheless, its legacy endures, providing a useful glimpse into the previous. Understanding this historic context offers a deeper appreciation for the evolution of tea tradition, the interaction of practicality and etiquette, and the enduring affect of fabric circumstances on social practices. The act serves as a reminder that even the only actions might be imbued with profound historic significance, reflecting the complicated tapestry of human expertise. Fashionable understanding is rooted in historical past.

8. Refinement

The act of consuming tea, typically considered a easy ritual, can develop into a canvas upon which societal values and aspirations are projected. Of those values, refinement stands outstanding, notably when contemplating the follow of consuming tea from a saucer. It’s a story not merely of quenching thirst, however of signaling social grace and cultivated sensibilities. The saucer, on this narrative, assumes a task far past that of a mere receptacle; it turns into an emblem of sophistication.

  • The Choreography of Deliberation

    The act of pouring tea into the saucer, slightly than instantly imbibing from the cup, introduces a measured pause, a second of deliberate motion that speaks volumes about one’s self-control and consciousness. This choreographed method contrasts sharply with a hurried, unceremonious consumption. The very act of ready, of permitting the tea to chill earlier than delicately elevating the saucer to the lips, conveys a way of persistence and attentiveness, qualities related to refined people. It’s a efficiency of restraint, a delicate demonstration of self-mastery.

  • Materials Appreciation and Aesthetic Sensibility

    The fragile porcelain of the teacup and saucer, typically adorned with intricate designs, speaks to an appreciation for artistry and craftsmanship. Holding the saucer, feeling its clean texture, admiring its translucent glaze, alerts a sensitivity to the aesthetic qualities of the objects at hand. This appreciation extends past the fabric realm, reflecting a broader dedication to magnificence and magnificence in all features of life. It’s a recognition that even essentially the most mundane objects might be elevated to artwork types, worthy of cautious consideration and respect. It exhibits dedication to the tradition of magnificence.

  • Adherence to Social Graces and Anticipated Conduct

    In sure historic contexts, consuming tea from a saucer was not merely a matter of practicality, however a social crucial. It demonstrated an understanding of the prevailing etiquette, a willingness to evolve to the unstated guidelines of well mannered society. Deviation from these norms may lead to social censure, a delicate however stinging rebuke for a breach of decorum. The act of consuming from the saucer, subsequently, served as a badge of belonging, a visual signal of 1’s adherence to the values and expectations of a refined social circle. Displaying respect to social requirements is vital in lots of cultures.

  • The Embodiment of Composure and Serenity

    The picture of a poised particular person, gracefully sipping tea from a saucer, evokes a way of calm and composure. The fragile gesture, the measured tempo, the serene expression all contribute to an aura of tranquility. This embodiment of composure is a trademark of refinement, an illustration of inside peace and self-assurance. It suggests a capability to navigate the complexities of life with grace and equanimity, to take care of one’s composure even within the face of adversity. The act subsequently turns into greater than bodily.

Thus, the connection between refinement and consuming tea from a saucer extends far past mere performance. The follow turns into an emblem of social grace, aesthetic appreciation, and inside composure. It’s a ritual steeped in historical past and imbued with which means, a mirrored image of societal values and aspirations. At present, even because the follow itself fades into historical past, its legacy endures, reminding us of the enduring pursuit of refinement in all features of human endeavor. The story of consuming tea from a saucer is at all times the story of society.

Often Requested Questions

Navigating the etiquette and historical past of this tea-drinking follow raises many questions. Right here, readability is sought on frequent factors of curiosity and potential misunderstanding.

Query 1: Was consuming tea from a saucer merely a matter of necessity?

Think about a grand property in 18th-century England. Servants pour steaming tea into handle-less porcelain cups, a prized possession. Fingers burned if one tried to carry the cup straight. Necessity spurred innovation, remodeling the saucer from a coaster right into a cooling vessel. Thus, the follow was rooted in sensible want.

Query 2: Did everybody drink tea from saucers, or was it a class-specific behavior?

Social class dictated tea-drinking customs. The higher echelons, involved with propriety, typically embraced the follow, showcasing their adherence to etiquette. The much less prosperous, dealing with sensible limitations, could have been much less involved with such social niceties, making it extra frequent among the many elite.

Query 3: When did consuming tea from a saucer fall out of trend?

As teacups advanced with handles, the sensible want for saucers diminished. The altering social panorama, valuing effectivity, shifted away from the older customs. By the twentieth century, sipping straight from the cup grew to become the norm, relegating the saucer to a secondary function.

Query 4: Was it thought-about rude to drink from a saucer?

Etiquette is a fickle mistress. In its heyday, it was well mannered, signifying refinement. As social customs shifted, the follow grew to become uncouth. Timing, social class, and setting formed the notion of politeness or impoliteness.

Query 5: Did completely different cultures have completely different guidelines about consuming from a saucer?

Cultural variations coloured tea rituals. Whereas Europeans cooled their tea in saucers, different cultures valued completely different customs. Asian tea ceremonies prioritize sluggish and considerate steps, with a deal with mindfulness and respect for these concerned.

Query 6: Does anybody nonetheless drink tea from a saucer at the moment?

Whereas largely a relic of the previous, it persists in historic reenactments. The follow evokes a way of refinement, a connection to a bygone period. Not often seen in up to date society, it reminds us of the ever-changing tides of cultural preferences.

The historical past of consuming from the saucer presents greater than out of date manners. The customs replicate a time when social expectations and materials constraints formed on a regular basis life.

Now, outfitted with solutions to frequent queries, the dialogue progresses to the long run purposes of present analysis.

Sensible Concerns When Emulating a Bygone Tea Ritual

Recreating the ambiance of a historic tea ceremony calls for greater than interval apparel. A eager understanding of historic practices is paramount to a really genuine expertise. Partaking within the customized presents a novel immersion, a connection to a time when etiquette and materials constraints formed even the only of actions.

Tip 1: Choose Deal with-less Cups and Saucers

Authenticity begins with the correct tools. Find handle-less cups, replicas of these utilized in earlier eras. The absence of handles dictated how one held the cup, requiring using a saucer for consolation and stability. That is the defining issue of the complete expertise.

Tip 2: Brew Tea at a Secure But Genuine Temperature

Historic accounts recall tea served at near-scalding temperatures. Adapt this custom with warning. Brew the tea robust however guarantee it cools to a manageable temperature earlier than pouring. The target is authenticity, not discomfort. Fashionable consciousness of burn dangers mandates care.

Tip 3: Grasp the Pouring Approach

Pour a small quantity of tea into the saucer, replicating the act of temperature moderation. The amount ought to be enough for just a few sips however not a lot that it overflows. Observe historic depictions to copy the swish arc of the pour.

Tip 4: Undertake a Deliberate Tempo

Speeding undermines the intent. Sip slowly from the saucer, savoring the flavour and temperature. This deliberate tempo is integral to the expertise, distinguishing it from fashionable hurried consumption.

Tip 5: Protect a Reserved Posture

Preserve an upright posture and dignified air. Historic accounts stress correct deportment as important to the tea ritual. Shoulders again, head held excessive, and a delicate expression are hallmarks of the period.

Tip 6: Acknowledge the Fragility of Porcelain

Deal with porcelain with care, conscious of its inherent fragility. This consciousness lends an air of reverence to the complete course of. The delicacy of the fabric serves as a reminder of the craftsmanship and the worth positioned on these objects.

Tip 7: Acknowledge Historic Etiquette

The historic context surrounding the consumption of tea underscores an understanding of an historic artwork and time. This data of historical past is of nice significance to the ceremony.

The ideas supply a framework for partaking with historical past. By embodying its practices, you remodel a beverage break into an immersion. Consideration to those particulars presents an intimate connection to occasions gone.

The journey right into a bygone period continues. By contemplating these practicalities, one is ready to discover the deeper implications and classes embedded in a definite method of having fun with the world’s beverage.

Ingesting Tea From Saucer

The narrative of consuming tea from a saucer transcends mere beverage consumption, unfolding as a research of social adaptation, materials constraints, and the delicate language of etiquette. From the sensible necessity of cooling scalding liquids in handle-less porcelain to its elevated standing as a marker of social grace, the follow represents a microcosm of historic values. The gradual decline of this tradition mirrors societal shifts, reminding us that even essentially the most mundane acts are topic to the currents of change. It serves as a mirrored image of a time of refinement.

Whereas fashionable comfort and evolving social norms have largely relegated this follow to the annals of historical past, its enduring presence in interval dramas and historic reenactments speaks to a deep-seated fascination with bygone eras. The act of pouring tea right into a saucer and delicately sipping from its edge presents a tangible connection to a previous the place magnificence and deliberation held sway, and invitations reflection on the values we prioritize at the moment. One sips, and remembers, a second of previous introduced into the current.

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