Nishinomaru Garden Osaka Castle: Secret Hideaway?


Nishinomaru Garden Osaka Castle: Secret Hideaway?

Nishinomaru Backyard is a meticulously landscaped inexperienced area positioned on the western facet of Osaka Fortress. It gives a tranquil retreat throughout the bigger citadel park, offering guests with scenic views and a serene environment. It accommodates important historic constructions, together with a relocated tea home and former army barracks.

The backyard’s significance stems from its historic connection to the citadel and its function as a web site for important occasions. Its structure and design replicate conventional Japanese backyard aesthetics, providing guests a glimpse into the cultural values related to landscaping and nature. Moreover, the backyard contributes to the preservation of the general citadel grounds and gives helpful inexperienced area inside a serious city setting.

The next sections will discover numerous points of this location, together with its key options, historic significance, seasonal highlights, and sensible info for guests.

1. Tranquil refuge

Throughout the imposing shadow of Osaka Fortress, an area devoted to martial prowess and strategic protection, lies a contrasting actuality: Nishinomaru Backyard, a haven of tranquility. Its fastidiously curated panorama serves as a stark reminder that even amidst battle and energy, the human spirit seeks solace and sweetness. It’s inside this dichotomy that the essence of the backyard as a “Tranquil refuge” is most profoundly understood.

  • The Geometry of Serenity

    In contrast to the inflexible fortifications of the citadel, the backyard embraces mild curves and pure types. The deliberate association of rocks, ponds, and meticulously pruned timber creates a way of concord and steadiness. This thought-about design encourages a meditative state, permitting guests to flee the pressures of the skin world, even throughout the bustling metropolis.

  • Echoes of Historical past in Nonetheless Waters

    Although a spot of peace, the backyard is just not with out its historic echoes. The relocated tea home, as soon as used for quiet contemplation by figures of energy, speaks to the necessity for respite even amidst the calls for of management. The backyard’s very existence throughout the citadel grounds suggests a aware effort to mood the militaristic setting with parts of serenity, a reminder that peace and struggle are sometimes intertwined.

  • A Sanctuary of Inexperienced Inside Stone

    The backyard’s lush vegetation supplies a visible and sensory distinction to the encircling stone partitions and constructions. The sound of trickling water, the scent of blossoms, and the comfortable contact of grass supply a multisensory escape from the tough realities of city life. It’s a reminder that nature can present solace and renewal even in probably the most synthetic environments.

  • Seasonal Rhythms, Everlasting Calm

    The backyard’s magnificence is just not static, however evolves with the altering seasons. From the colourful cherry blossoms of spring to the fiery hues of autumn foliage, every season brings a brand new dimension of tranquility. This fixed cycle of renewal mirrors the cyclical nature of life itself, providing a way of grounding and continuity.

The strategic placement of this “Tranquil refuge” adjoining to Osaka Fortress underscores a essential steadiness: the acknowledgment of each the necessity for power and the important significance of interior peace. Nishinomaru Backyard exemplifies the enduring human want for areas that foster contemplation, serenity, and reference to the pure world, even within the shadow of energy.

2. Historic Occasions

The stones of Nishinomaru Backyard whisper of bygone eras, their silence concealing the echoes of great occasions that unfolded inside and round its borders. Greater than only a tranquil area, it has borne witness to moments of political intrigue, ceremonial grandeur, and the quiet passage of time shaping the future of Osaka Fortress and, arguably, the nation.

  • The Tokugawa Shogunate’s Gaze

    Following the autumn of the Toyotomi clan and the next reconstruction of Osaka Fortress by the Tokugawa shogunate, Nishinomaru Backyard grew to become a symbolic assertion of energy. Its meticulously deliberate structure was supposed not just for aesthetic pleasure but in addition for strategic oversight. From this vantage level, the shogunate’s representatives might survey the citadel and the encircling metropolis, making certain their dominance. This era noticed the backyard used for official gatherings and demonstrations of allegiance, serving as a backdrop for the solidification of Tokugawa management.

  • Imperial Visits and Ceremonial Tea

    In later intervals, the backyard transitioned into an area for diplomatic features and imperial visits. The relocated tea home, a poignant construction in its personal proper, would have been the positioning of elaborate tea ceremonies involving dignitaries and members of the Imperial household. These gatherings weren’t merely social events; they represented fastidiously choreographed shows of respect and political maneuvering, reflecting the evolving relationship between the shogunate (and later, the Meiji authorities) and the Imperial Court docket.

  • A Stage for Modernization

    As Japan launched into its speedy modernization throughout the Meiji Restoration, Nishinomaru Backyard grew to become an emblem of adaptation and alter. Whereas retaining its conventional aesthetic, it additionally served as a venue for showcasing developments in expertise and tradition. The backyard witnessed the combination of Western influences into Japanese society, reflecting the nation’s efforts to reconcile custom with progress.

  • Preservation Amidst Battle

    Even throughout occasions of battle, the backyard remained a big landmark. Whereas Osaka Fortress suffered injury throughout World Warfare II, the backyard, comparatively untouched, stood as a testomony to the enduring worth positioned on its cultural heritage. Submit-war restoration efforts centered on preserving the backyard’s integrity, recognizing its significance as a hyperlink to the previous and an emblem of resilience within the face of adversity.

These historic occasions, etched into the very cloth of Nishinomaru Backyard, remodel it from a mere assortment of vegetation and stones right into a dwelling chronicle. The backyard’s enduring presence serves as a relentless reminder of the ebb and circulation of energy, the complexities of cultural trade, and the enduring spirit of Osaka Fortress and its surrounding panorama.

3. Scenic Views

The stone partitions of Osaka Fortress, formidable and unyielding, stand sentinel over town, a testomony to energy and enduring historical past. But, inside their embrace, Nishinomaru Backyard unfolds, providing not solely respite but in addition strategically framed vistas. The gardens design is not any accident; the Scenic views it supplies are integral, not merely ornamental. Think about the daimyo of centuries previous: from this vantage, they may survey their area, observe town’s pulse, and assess potential threats the backyard serving as each sanctuary and remark publish. The fastidiously positioned timber, the clever undulation of the panorama, all contribute to sightlines that command consideration.

One hanging instance lies within the perspective afforded towards the principle maintain. The backyard gives a novel angle, showcasing the citadel’s imposing top in opposition to the backdrop of the Osaka skyline. This view is just not merely aesthetic; it reinforces the citadel’s dominance, visually projecting energy and stability. Conversely, the backyard additionally supplies views from the citadel, providing a softer, extra pure perspective onto the encircling panorama. This interaction of views underscores the twin nature of the area a spot of protection and strategic significance, but in addition of reflection and appreciation of pure magnificence. The photographic impression on tourism is obvious: numerous photos seize this fastidiously orchestrated concord of chateau and backyard, drawing guests from throughout the globe.

In conclusion, the “Scenic views” inside Nishinomaru Backyard usually are not merely nice enhancements. They’re fastidiously calculated elements that contribute considerably to the backyard’s historic and cultural worth. These intentionally framed views supply perception into the ability dynamics, strategic concerns, and aesthetic sensibilities that formed the gardens creation and proceed to outline its character at the moment. Understanding this connection is essential to appreciating the multifaceted nature of this distinctive historic web site.

4. Tea home

Throughout the verdant embrace of Nishinomaru Backyard at Osaka Fortress, nestled amongst meticulously sculpted timber and tranquil ponds, resides a Tea home not merely a construction, however a vessel of custom. It’s a place the place the ephemeral ritual of tea transforms right into a tangible hyperlink to the previous, its presence silently narrating tales of energy, artistry, and quiet contemplation amidst the grand tapestry of Osaka Fortress’s historical past. Its very existence throughout the backyard underscores the fragile steadiness between the martial and the aesthetic, the ability of the shogunate and the pursuit of interior peace.

  • A Relocated Legacy

    In contrast to constructions erected particularly for Nishinomaru Backyard, this Tea home carries a historical past predating its present location. Such relocation, a not unusual observe in Japanese backyard design, means that the construction itself holds intrinsic worth, transcending its bodily setting. It speaks of a deliberate act to protect and carry ahead a selected aesthetic or historic narrative, enriching the backyard with layers of that means that stretch past its instant environment. The explanations for the relocation could also be misplaced to time, however its presence now invitations guests to think about its earlier lives, and the traditions it carried with it.

  • The Structure of Serenity

    The Tea homes structure, sometimes understated and harmonious, stands in stark distinction to the imposing fortifications of Osaka Fortress. Its easy strains, pure supplies, and integration with the encircling panorama function a visible counterpoint to the castles grandeur. This juxtaposition is deliberate, highlighting the significance of humility and tranquility even throughout the context of energy and army may. The design ideas inherent within the Tea home promote a state of mindfulness, encouraging those that enter to shed worldly issues and embrace the current second.

  • A Stage for Ritual and Diplomacy

    Past its architectural deserves, the Tea home serves as a stage for the centuries-old ritual of the tea ceremony. Each motion, each gesture, is imbued with that means, reflecting a deep reverence for custom and a dedication to aware interplay. Traditionally, such ceremonies weren’t merely social gatherings but in addition alternatives for political negotiation and diplomatic trade. Throughout the quiet confines of the Tea home, alliances have been solid, agreements have been reached, and the course of historical past was subtly influenced, making it greater than only a area for leisure.

  • The Residing Custom

    Even at the moment, the Tea home inside Nishinomaru Backyard continues to operate as a middle for the observe of tea ceremony. Preserving this custom supplies a tangible hyperlink to Japan’s cultural heritage, providing guests a possibility to witness and take part in an artwork kind that has advanced over centuries. It ensures that the tales and values embodied within the ceremony are handed all the way down to future generations, enriching their understanding of Japanese historical past and tradition, and ensures the relevance of the Tea Home in fashionable occasions.

The Tea home, then, is greater than a mere construction inside Nishinomaru Backyard; it’s a important part that enriches the historic narrative, underscores the worth of tranquility, and perpetuates the artwork of tea ceremony. Its presence gives a profound understanding of the multi-layered nature of Osaka Fortress – not solely a fortress of energy, but in addition a spot that honors artistry, ceremony, and quiet contemplation. It serves as a potent reminder that even amidst the grandest of historic narratives, probably the most significant moments usually unfold in areas designed for peace and introspection.

5. Fortress grounds

The time period “Fortress grounds,” when utilized to Osaka Fortress, encompasses excess of merely the realm instantly surrounding the central maintain. It signifies a fastidiously orchestrated panorama, a deliberate extension of the citadel’s strategic and symbolic energy. Nishinomaru Backyard is an integral and indispensable part of those broader grounds, its existence intrinsically linked to the general design and performance of the citadel complicated. To grasp Nishinomaru Backyard absolutely, one should respect its function throughout the bigger narrative of the citadel grounds.

Traditionally, the structure of chateau grounds served a number of functions. Past protection, they have been designed to impress visiting dignitaries, venture the ability of the ruling clan, and supply area for administrative features and army coaching. Nishinomaru Backyard, located on the western facet of the citadel, initially served as a secondary protection perimeter, providing a strategic vantage level and a possible staging floor for troops. Nonetheless, over time, its function advanced. It reworked from a purely army area right into a tranquil oasis, a spot for contemplation and aesthetic appreciation. But, this transformation didn’t diminish its connection to the citadel grounds; as an alternative, it added one other layer of that means, highlighting the significance of steadiness and concord even inside a fortress designed for struggle. The gardens presence underscored the notion that rulers weren’t merely warriors but in addition patrons of tradition and refinement. A modern-day instance is how vacationer view this space.

The sensible significance of understanding this connection lies within the potential to interpret the citadel grounds holistically. Viewing Nishinomaru Backyard in isolation diminishes its historic and cultural relevance. By recognizing it as a fastidiously built-in component of the citadel grounds, guests and researchers alike can achieve a deeper appreciation for the complicated interaction of energy, aesthetics, and performance that formed this iconic landmark. Understanding this relationship allows a extra nuanced and full understanding of Osaka Fortress’s significance in Japanese historical past and tradition, appreciating the backyard as a necessary thread within the cloth of the castles total design and function.

6. Cultural aesthetics

Nishinomaru Backyard, a verdant enclave throughout the formidable Osaka Fortress, transcends mere landscaping; it’s a dwelling embodiment of cultural aesthetics, reflecting deep-seated values and inventive ideas honed over centuries in Japan. The backyard presents a fastidiously curated tableau the place nature and artifice intertwine, creating an area wealthy with symbolic that means.

  • Borrowed Surroundings (Shakkei)

    The observe of shakkei, or “borrowed surroundings,” exemplifies the ingenuity of Japanese backyard design. Parts outdoors the backyard’s instant boundaries, such because the imposing silhouette of Osaka Fortress itself or distant mountains on the horizon, are intentionally integrated into the backyard’s composition. This system blurs the strains between the bogus and the pure, creating a way of expansiveness and welcoming the viewer to ponder the connection between the backyard and its wider environment. In Nishinomaru Backyard, the citadel acts as a strong backdrop, lending historic weight and visible drama to the backyard’s tranquil setting.

  • Wabi-sabi and Impermanence

    The ideas of wabi-sabi, celebrating imperfection and transience, are subtly woven into the material of Nishinomaru Backyard. Moss-covered stones, weathered lanterns, and the altering colours of foliage all through the seasons all converse to the fantastic thing about impermanence. This aesthetic sensibility encourages acceptance of the pure cycle of decay and renewal, discovering magnificence within the ephemeral nature of existence. In contrast to Western notions of perfection, wabi-sabi embraces the authenticity of age and the inherent fantastic thing about flaws.

  • The Artwork of Placement (Ishi-gumi)

    The deliberate placement of stones, often called ishi-gumi, is a cornerstone of Japanese backyard design. Rocks usually are not merely ornamental parts; they’re fastidiously chosen and organized to evoke particular landscapes, symbolize pure forces, or symbolize summary ideas. In Nishinomaru Backyard, the association of stones round ponds and pathways guides the viewer’s eye and creates a way of depth and perspective. The cautious collection of stone varieties and their strategic placement demonstrates a deep understanding of geological types and their symbolic associations.

  • Miniaturization and Symbolism

    Japanese gardens usually make use of miniaturization to symbolize huge landscapes in a compact area. Ponds turn into oceans, gravel represents rivers, and thoroughly pruned timber mimic historic forests. This system permits guests to ponder the grandeur of nature inside a manageable scale. The symbolic that means connected to numerous parts, equivalent to particular tree species or rock formations, additional enriches the backyard’s narrative, inviting reflection on deeper philosophical or religious themes. Inside Nishinomaru Backyard, this fastidiously scaled microcosm of Japanese panorama traditions gives a world in miniature to ponder.

These sides of cultural aesthetics converge inside Nishinomaru Backyard to create an area that transcends mere visible enchantment. It’s a fastidiously orchestrated panorama designed to evoke contemplation, encourage a way of concord, and join guests to the wealthy cultural heritage of Japan. The backyard serves as a dwelling testomony to the enduring energy of aesthetic ideas to form our understanding of the world round us.

7. City oasis

Within the sprawling expanse of Osaka, a metropolis teeming with life and business, lies a tranquil refuge often called Nishinomaru Backyard, a part of Osaka Fortress. This area, removed from town’s relentless power, features as an “City oasis,” a sanctuary the place nature and historical past converge to supply respite and reflection. Understanding how this backyard operates as a haven inside a bustling metropolis requires exploring a number of key sides.

  • Respiration House Amidst Concrete

    Cities, by their very nature, are constructed environments dominated by concrete and metal. Inexperienced areas are sometimes relegated to the periphery, struggling to compete with the calls for of urbanization. Nishinomaru Backyard defies this pattern, carving out a considerable space devoted to natural world throughout the coronary heart of Osaka. This deliberate allocation of area supplies essential respiration room, contributing to improved air high quality and a way of psychological well-being for metropolis dwellers. The sheer presence of lush greenery gives a visible and sensory escape from the city panorama.

  • A Historic Sanctuary

    Past its environmental advantages, Nishinomaru Backyard serves as a historic sanctuary. Encased throughout the Osaka Fortress grounds, the backyard gives a direct hyperlink to the previous, preserving a tangible connection to Japan’s wealthy cultural heritage. In contrast to fashionable parks designed for recreation, Nishinomaru Backyard carries the load of historical past, its meticulously landscaped paths and relocated tea home echoing tales of bygone eras. The backyard supplies a possibility to step again in time and ponder the evolution of Osaka from a feudal stronghold to a contemporary metropolis.

  • Sensory Escape

    The relentless tempo of city life usually overwhelms the senses. The fixed noise, visible muddle, and synthetic environments contribute to sensory overload. Nishinomaru Backyard gives a deliberate sensory distinction. The mild rustling of leaves, the delicate perfume of blossoms, and the tactile expertise of strolling on comfortable earth present a much-needed respite from the bogus stimuli of town. This sensory recalibration permits guests to reconnect with nature and discover a sense of calm amidst the city chaos.

  • Neighborhood and Contemplation

    An city oasis is just not merely an area; it is a spot for group interplay and private contemplation. Nishinomaru Backyard supplies each. Whereas providing quiet corners for solitary reflection, it additionally serves as a gathering place for native residents and vacationers alike. The backyard hosts cultural occasions, seasonal festivals, and casual gatherings, fostering a way of group and shared appreciation for nature and historical past. The supply of such an area inside a densely populated metropolis encourages social interplay and strengthens group bonds.

Nishinomaru Backyard exists as a compelling instance of how an city area may be reworked into an “City oasis,” offering environmental, historic, sensory, and communal advantages to the encircling metropolis. By fastidiously balancing nature, historical past, and design, this backyard gives a helpful lesson in city planning and underscores the significance of preserving inexperienced areas throughout the ever-expanding concrete jungle. Its existence serves as a relentless reminder that even within the coronary heart of a bustling metropolis, tranquility and reference to nature usually are not solely doable however important for the well-being of its inhabitants.

Regularly Requested Questions

Whispers carried on the wind by the traditional stones of Osaka Fortress usually result in questions, uncertainties relating to the aim and nature of Nishinomaru Backyard. The next makes an attempt to make clear frequent factors of confusion, offering a glimpse into the backyard’s significance.

Query 1: What exactly distinguishes Nishinomaru Backyard from the remainder of Osaka Fortress Park?

Think about the citadel grounds as a grand tapestry. Osaka Fortress Park is the surrounding cloth, displaying numerous threads. Nishinomaru Backyard constitutes a fastidiously embroidered part, its deliberate design and historic significance setting it aside from the broader park’s extra generalized leisure areas. Entry to the backyard usually requires a separate admission price, reflecting its curated nature and distinctive choices.

Query 2: Was Nishinomaru Backyard all the time supposed as a spot of tranquility, or did its function evolve over time?

Think about a warrior setting apart his sword. Initially, the western part (Nishinomaru) held strategic significance, a defensive outpost for the citadel. Over the centuries, nonetheless, its operate transitioned. The martial component light, changed by an emphasis on aesthetic cultivation and serene contemplation. The relocated tea home stands as a testomony to this shift, from a stronghold to a haven.

Query 3: Is the relocated tea home inside Nishinomaru Backyard authentic to Osaka Fortress, and what significance does its relocation maintain?

Envision a valuable artifact, fastidiously transported to a brand new setting. The tea home was not initially constructed in Nishinomaru Backyard. Its relocation signifies the significance positioned on preserving cultural heritage. By transferring the construction, a tangible hyperlink to the previous was maintained, enriching the backyard with historic resonance and including depth to the customer expertise.

Query 4: What’s the finest time of yr to go to Nishinomaru Backyard to witness its most hanging shows?

Image a panorama remodeling with the seasons. Spring unveils the ephemeral fantastic thing about cherry blossoms, drawing crowds desirous to witness the fleeting spectacle. Autumn paints the backyard in fiery hues, providing a distinct, but equally fascinating, expertise. Every season presents a novel side of the backyard’s magnificence, making it a worthwhile vacation spot year-round, although sure intervals command higher consideration.

Query 5: Are there particular guidelines or etiquette that guests ought to observe whereas exploring Nishinomaru Backyard to protect its tranquility and historic integrity?

Consider the backyard as a sacred area. Loud noises and disruptive habits are discouraged, as they detract from the supposed environment of serenity. Touching or climbing on historic constructions is strictly prohibited, as is littering or damaging the fastidiously cultivated vegetation. Respect for the backyard and its historic significance is paramount.

Query 6: Past aesthetic appreciation, what deeper understanding can one achieve from visiting Nishinomaru Backyard throughout the context of Osaka Fortress’s total historical past?

Think about the backyard a key to unlocking a deeper narrative. Nishinomaru Backyard gives a counterpoint to the citadel’s imposing structure, showcasing the significance of steadiness and concord in Japanese tradition. It reveals that even amidst martial energy, there exists a reverence for tranquility and aesthetic magnificence. Its very existence serves as a reminder that historical past is multifaceted, encompassing each battle and contemplation.

In abstract, the inquiries reveal a standard thread: a want to know not merely the floor fantastic thing about Nishinomaru Backyard, however its deeper significance throughout the bigger context of Osaka Fortress and Japanese tradition. By addressing these frequent factors of curiosity, one can start to unravel the backyard’s enduring enchantment.

Having explored these frequent questions, the dialogue now transitions to sensible info for these planning a go to.

Navigating Nishinomaru Backyard

The stones of Nishinomaru Backyard maintain tales, secrets and techniques whispered by centuries. Approaching this area with reverence and a contact of preparation enhances the expertise immeasurably. The next observations, distilled from the echoes of those that have walked these paths earlier than, supply steerage for a extra significant encounter.

Tip 1: Embrace the Daybreak. To really soak up the tranquility, arrive early. Earlier than the noon solar and the crush of crowds, Nishinomaru Backyard gives a serenity hardly ever discovered later within the day. The comfortable morning mild illuminates the fastidiously manicured panorama, revealing particulars usually misplaced within the harsh glare of noon. The air continues to be, the sounds muted, permitting for real contemplation.

Tip 2: Heed the Silence. Respect the supposed environment of quiet reflection. The backyard is just not a playground; it’s a sanctuary. Loud conversations, disruptive habits, and the intrusion of recent units shatter the fastidiously cultivated ambiance. Enable the silence to clean over, permitting the pure magnificence and historic weight of the area to resonate.

Tip 3: Observe the Seasons. Nishinomaru Backyard transforms with every passing season, every providing a novel perspective. Spring brings the ephemeral spectacle of cherry blossoms, a fleeting reminder of magnificence’s fragility. Autumn paints the panorama in fiery hues, a testomony to nature’s vibrant cycle of decay and renewal. Planning a go to round a selected season unlocks a deeper understanding of the backyard’s dynamic nature.

Tip 4: Hint the Stone Paths. The paths inside Nishinomaru Backyard usually are not merely routes; they’re deliberate guides, main the attention and directing the circulation of power. Wander slowly, being attentive to the deliberate placement of stones, the fastidiously pruned timber, and the clever integration of borrowed surroundings. Every component is deliberately positioned, contributing to a cohesive and significant entire.

Tip 5: Search the Tea Home. Pay homage to the relocated tea home, a tangible hyperlink to the previous. Whereas participation in a tea ceremony could not all the time be doable, merely observing the construction and considering its historical past gives a profound expertise. The tea home represents the significance of ceremony, custom, and quiet contemplation inside Japanese tradition.

Tip 6: Examine the Fortress’s Gaze. The backyard’s placement relative to Osaka Fortress is not any accident. Observe the views afforded from numerous factors throughout the backyard, noting how the citadel dominates the panorama. Think about how this visible dominance reinforces the ability dynamics of the period, whereas additionally providing a contrasting perspective from the tranquil fantastic thing about the backyard itself.

By adhering to those observations, a go to to Nishinomaru Backyard transforms from a easy sightseeing tour right into a extra profound and enriching expertise. The backyard’s secrets and techniques, whispered by the stones, reveal themselves solely to those that strategy with reverence, endurance, and a willingness to pay attention.

Having gleaned these insights, the narrative now prepares to attract to a detailed, providing a remaining reflection on the enduring significance of Nishinomaru Backyard.

Echoes in Stone

The previous exploration has sought to light up the multifaceted nature of Nishinomaru Backyard, Osaka Fortress. From its origins as a strategic outpost to its present manifestation as a tranquil oasis, the backyard’s journey mirrors the ebb and circulation of Japanese historical past. It stands as a testomony to the enduring energy of cultural aesthetics, offering a counterpoint to the imposing power of the citadel itself. The relocated tea home, the fastidiously curated landscapes, and the strategically framed vistas all contribute to a novel and resonant expertise.

Think about the enduring picture: the stoic silhouette of Osaka Fortress mirrored within the nonetheless waters of the backyard’s ponds. It’s a reminder that even amidst energy and battle, the human spirit seeks solace in magnificence and reference to nature. Nishinomaru Backyard, Osaka Fortress, invitations all who enter to ponder this enduring reality, to seek out peace throughout the coronary heart of town, and to hold ahead the echoes of historical past into the longer term.

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